glossary.

This glossary contains definitions of common terms and acronyms used in web commerce, digital imaging, color management, film, motion and video, audio production, and more.

Tip: To quickly find the term you're looking for, you can use your browser's 'Find' command (Ctrl + F) to locate a particular term instantly within the alphabetical section you're in.

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16mm
Film gauge that is widely used by educational, industrial, government, scientific and student filmmakers. Improvements in grain structure have made it practical to shoot for stock footage and commercial productions. 16mm film has 40 frames per foot.

35mm
Standard film gauge for theatrical and commercial motion picture production; each foot contains 16 frames.

70mm
Film gauge generally used for release prints of large budget feature films. Generally, 70mm prints are made from 65mm negative or blown-up from 35mm negative.

8mm
The narrowest gauge motion picture film, containing 80 frames per foot and primarily used by amateur and home video makers. Supplanted and largely replaced by Super 8mm in 1966 and home video cameras in the '70s and '80s.

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Additive color
Color mixture by the addition of light of the three primaries: red, green and blue.

Aerial
A shot taken from an aircraft, usually a plane or helicopter.

Aerial image or virtual image
An image focused by a projection lens near a field or relay lens. A camera lens is then used to form a real image on the film from the aerial image. A cel can be placed at the aerial image location to combine it with the aerial image on film.

Analog
A form of electronic signal that depends on varying voltage levels. Analog signals are lower quality than digital signals. When copied from one generation to another, analog signals generally degrade in quality.

Archival footage
Term generally refers to "older" footage shot in black and white.

Artifact
A visual effect caused by an error or limitation in the system.

Aspect ratio
The ratio of width to height in a picture. Theater screens generally have an aspect ratio of 1.85 to 1, wide-screen TV (16x9) is 1.77 to 1, and normal TV (4x3) is 1.33 to 1.

B&W
Black and white.

Bandwidth
The amount of information that can be passed in a given time. The larger the bandwidth the greater the picture detail.

BG
Background. The area behind the main subject.

Bit
A single element (1 or 0) of digital information.

Bit rate
The amount of data transported in a given amount of time, usually defined in megabits per second (Mbps). Bit rate is one means to define the amount of compression used on a video signal. Uncompressed D1 has a bit rate of 270 Mbps. Mpeg-1 has a bit rate of 1.2 Mbps.

Bitmap image
An image with one bit of color information per pixel, also known as a bitmapped image. The only colors displayed in a bitmapped image are black-and-white.

Black compression
The loss of detail in the dark areas of a picture. For example, black compression would be seen as nearly solid dark areas on a person's clothing. Pockets, lapels and stripes would blend into that area and become indistinguishable.

Bounce light
Light that is reflected to illuminate a subject indirectly.

Brightness
One of three dimensions of color; the other two are hue and saturation. The term is used to describe differences in the intensity of light reflected from or transmitted through an image independent of its hue and saturation.

Broad light
Soft, floodlight type of illumination unit, usually not focusable.

Buyout
Transfer of rights as completely as permitted by law. This includes copyright, model releases, etc. Generally, a one-time fee is paid for the rights.

Cache
To store on a computer user's hard disk a local copy of a web page accessed via the Internet. The web browser compares the cached copy of the page to the original, and if there have been no changes, the browser and server programs will use the cached copy rather than reloading the page onto the client, saving processing and download time. Also refers to a website's database generating static copies of frequently requested dynamic pages, reducing processing time.

Camera original
The actual film that went through the camera on location or on the set.

Chroma
A video term. A common shortening of the word "chrominance" which is the portion of the video signal containing color information.

CIELAB
CIE stands for "Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage," an international group of color scientists whose standards make it possible to accurately communicate color information. "L" describes relative luminance, "A" represents relative redness-greenness, and "B" represents relative yellowness-blueness. CIELAB color is a color space that encompasses RGB and CMYK, and describes generally the visible spectrum that the human eye can see.

Clash
When a requested license conflicts with an existing exclusive license, this is referred to as a "clash." There are four possible types of clashes: "spot clash," "use clash", "territory clash" and "industry clash."

Clearances
Permissions to use copyrighted or proprietary moving images, still photographs, music or literary works, likenesses of recognizable individual, certain buildings and locations, and other images and sounds as required.

Clip
An individual film sequence from camera start to camera stop. Obtainable with a licensing fee.

Clip rights
Rights to use excerpts or clips from completed films or videotape.

Clipping path
A function that allows a shape to mask part of an image. A clipping path acts like a digital cookie cutter, making it easy to lift an object from its white background and drop it into a design.

Close-up (CU)
A tight shot of a person's head and shoulders. An "extreme close-up" would include just the area from the chin to the top of the head or even less of the face.

CMS
Color Management System. A system for communicating color fidelity to input, display and output devices.

CMYK
The four process colors used in printing: cyan, magenta, yellow and black.

CMYK image
A four-channel image containing cyan, magenta, yellow and black channel. A CMYK image is generally used to print a color separation.

Color correct
Correcting the color in a scene is possible when transferring film to videotape or when dubbing (tape to tape).

Color correction
The changing of the colors of pixels in an image, including adjusting brightness, contrast, mid-level grays, hue and saturation, to achieve optimum printed results.

Color proof
A representation of the final printed product used for checking color accuracy and other elements.

Color separation
The process of splitting full-color artwork into its CMYK components; one or all four of the separate pieces of film from which a four-color version will be printed.

Color space
A theoretical three-dimensional color system in which the axes of color, hue, saturation and brightness can be represented.

Commercial misappropriation
This is the appropriation of another's property for commercial purposes without consent. It is the principle upon which the rights of publicity, privacy and trademarks are based.

Comp or comping image
A 150K, 72dpi image for evaluation or creating preliminary layouts.

Composite video
The luminance and chrominance signals are combined in an encoder to create the common NTSC, PAL or SECAM video signals. Essentially a form of analog video compression to allow the economical broadcasting of video.

Compositing
Layering multiple pictures on top of each other. A cutout or matte holds back the background and allows the foreground picture to appear to be in the original picture.

Compression
The process of reducing the size of digital information, usually by throwing out redundant information.

Compression ratio
The ratio of the amount of data in the original video to the amount of data in the compressed video. The higher the ratio the greater the compression.

Continuous-tone image
An image containing gradient tones from black to white.

Contrast
The tonal gradation between the highlights, midtones and shadows in an image.

Cookie
A unique string of letters and numbers that the web server stores in a file on your hard drive. This method is used by web designers to track visitors to a website so the visitors don't have to enter the same information every time they go to a new page or revisit a site. For example, web designers use cookies to keep track of purchases a visitor wants to make while shopping through a web catalog. Cookies may work through a single visit to a website, such as when tracking a shopping trip, or may be set to work through multiple sessions when a visitor returns to the site.

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Delivery contract
List of footage submitted to a client, representative or agency. All terms and conditions of the transaction are included. This may be the only evidence of such delivery, so duplicate copies should be kept and a signed/dated copy returned to sender.

Depth of field
Refers to the area between the point closest to the lens that is in focus and the point farthest from the lens that is also in focus.

Detail
The smallest elements in a picture that can be clearly recognized or defined and reproduced. The greater the detail, the sharper the picture. Also called "definition."

Digital
An electronic signal system that depends on voltages that are turned on or off. These signal levels are always high or always low. Computers and associated technology use digital signals. Data in digital form may be copied many times with virtually no loss of quality or degradation because the data is not altered or distorted as it goes through the electronic system.

Digital certificates
The digital equivalent of positive identification, such as a driver's license. Issued by various certificate authorities, digital certificates are used to prove that a website, or a visitor to a website, is the entity or person it claims to be.

Digital recording
An advanced form of video and/or audio electromagnetic recording wherein picture and/or sound information is converted into computer-like off-and-on bits of data.

Digitizing
The act of taking analog video and converting it to digital form. In 8-bit digital video there are 256 possible steps between maximum white and minimum black.

Dirt
Term used to describe any foreign particle on film that is visible. Dirt may be dust from an air vent or lint from a film handler's clothing. The emulsion on negative stock is very soft and it is easy for dirt to become embedded in it permanently. One must be careful in assessing dirt. A dirty and scratched workprint does not represent the quality of the original negative.

Distribution
Details about the type of use or the area an image will appear in.

Download
Transfer a file from a remote computer to your computer.

DPI
Dots per inch, a measure of image resolution.

DTP
Desktop Publishing. Using computers to lay out text and graphics for printing in magazines, newsletters, brochures, etc.

Dupe negative (dupe)
This is the black-and-white equivalent of an internegative (IN). It can be intercut with original black-and-white negative just as the IN can be intercut with a color negative.

Duration
Length of time of a particular license. Duration specifies how long the licensed reproductions of an image will be in circulation. For example, a direct mail piece that will be sent to a different group of people every month for a year, has a duration of one year.

DVD
Digital Video Disk. A newer format for putting full length movies on a 5" CD using MPEG-2 compression for "better than VHS" quality.

E-commerce
Electronic Commerce. The conducting of business communication and transactions over networks and through computers. Specifically, e-commerce is the buying and selling of goods and services, and the transfer of funds, through digital communications.

Edited master
Also known as a "second generation master" or an "electronically edited master." The final product resulting from an editing session, usually generated from original source material. Copies from edited masters are called submasters, protection masters or dubs.

Editing
The process of arranging the picture and sound into a finished film or product. Selecting and organizing images.

EDL
Edit Decision List. A list of edit decisions made during an edit session and usually saved to floppy disk. Allows an edit to be redone or modified at a later time without having to start all over again.

Element
A high-quality master used in the final edit: e.g., dupe negative or interpositive.

Encryption
A method of encoding messages to provide privacy for email, discussion group postings and other communications as they move over intranets or the internet.

EPS
Encapsulated PostScript file. EPS is a graphics format used for mathematically defined illustrations.

Establishing shot
Shot that establishes a location or mood, or fixes a sequence in a specific time or space: e.g., shots of a city skyline, landmark or the exterior of a building.

Evaluation uses
Use of the rights-managed imagery in preliminary creative stages for the purpose of evaluating inclusion of that imagery in the final use. This includes:

• ripomatics
• animatics
• rough cuts
• comps
• test layouts
• pitches for new creative/client approval

Exclusive rights
A grant of rights to reproduce a work, usually limited to transferability, a specific time period, territory, type of use, industry and publication. The same rights may not be granted to another party during the period or in the area of exclusivity.

Exclusivity options
Exclusivity allows you to prevent or limit others from using the same image(s) you select for the duration of your license. RM licenses do not automatically include exclusivity; this right has to be purchased. Multiple levels of exclusivity are available to meet your needs.

The following options describe the levels of exclusivity that can be purchased with your RM image(s). LOOK will make commercially reasonable efforts to avoid relicensing the same image in the same territory and during the same timeframe. Otherwise, the differences between the various exclusivity options are explained below.

For pricing information regarding each level of exclusivity, please contact a local LOOK sales representative.

    * Spot exclusivity

      The narrowest form of exclusivity, spot exclusivity limits relicensing of the same image (or its similars*) for the same use.

      For example, you want to license an RM image for use in outdoor posters within the beverage industry, for a given month, and you do not want the same image to be licensed to other customers for use in outdoor posters in the same industry during the same month.

    * Industry exclusivity

      Industry exclusivity limits relicensing of the same image (or its similars*) in the same industry, across all uses.

      The main difference between industry exclusivity and spot exclusivity is the fact that industry exclusivity covers all uses within the customer's industry, rather than just the specific licensed use.

      For example, you want to license an RM image for use in print advertising, television advertising, outdoor posters, brochures and electronic greetings in the beverage industry, for a given month, and you do not want the same image to be licensed for any medium in the same industry during the same month.

    * Use exclusivity

      Use exclusivity limits relicensing of the same image (or its similars*) for the same use, across all industries.

      For example, you want to license an RM image for use in outdoor posters across all industries, for a given month, and you do not want the same image to be licensed for use in outdoor posters in any industry during the same month.

    * Total exclusivity

      Total exclusivity is the most comprehensive form of exclusivity offered by LOOK. It limits relicensing of the same image (or its similars*) for any use, in any industry, in the same territory and during the same timeframe.

      For example, you want to license an RM image for use in print advertising, television advertising, outdoor posters, brochures and electronic greetings in a certain industry, for a given month, and you do not want the same image to be licensed for any medium in any industry during the same month.

      * Similars are images in the collection that have been identified by LOOK as being from the same photo shoot and containing the same model or subject, in the same background or scenario, at the same time of day, telling the same story. Also referred to as sister images.

Existing light
Also called "available light." For photographic purposes, existing light represents all light that is already on the scene.

Exposure
A process of subjecting a photographic film to any light intensity for a given time, resulting in a latent image.

Fade
An optical transition, usually from or to black, that may be used to begin or end a sequence. A fade to black is really a dissolve to another source, such as video black, since one cannot fade to nothing. In this sense, fading is cross-mixing or dissolving from one video source to another. An editor may generate a fade-in from black to picture or a fade-out from picture to black.

FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions.

Field
In film, the portion of the scene in front of the camera represented within the limit of the camera aperture. In video, a unit of picture, two of which make up one frame.

Fill light
Light used to soften shadows, especially to reduce lighting ratios.

Final element
The non-watermarked, broadcast-quality clip for licensed use in the final edit. LOOK royalty-free final elements are obtainable for a fee and can be downloaded from our website or delivered on CD-ROM if part of a CD title. Rights-managed clips can be ordered in a variety of formats to fit your production platform and will be delivered offline.

Firewall
Computer hardware and/or software that limits access to a computer over a network or from an outside source. Used to prevent computer hackers from getting into a company's computer systems.

Flexible License Pack
A type of license that provides the ability to use an image for multiple types of media without having to create individual licenses or provide precise license details. A Flexible License Pack offers unlimited usage in the territory, industry and timeframe selected. There's no need to specify circulation or image size, as the license offers unrestricted circulation and size. A number of different license packs have been created offering a wide variety of media combinations to suit the requirements of any particular project.

Focus
The position of the lens at the exact distance that the subject is in sharp detail. The degree of clarity of an image refracted through a lens onto a screen or film emulsion.

Foreground (FG)
What is in front of the subject.

Format
The size of a motion picture frame. Film formats include IMAX, 70mm, 35mm, Super 16mm, 16mm, Super 8mm. Videotape formats include Beta SP, 1", D1 and D2 digital videotape, 3/4" cassettes, etc.

Four-color process printing
The basic method of recreating a broad spectrum of colors on a printing press.

Frame
One individual picture on a strip of film. The definition of "frame" for video is one image composed of two fields, each field containing every other line of resolution. There are 30 frames in one second of NTSC video.

Frame rate
The standard number of frames continuously displayed per second of viewing time. There are three main international television standards that include frame rate parameters: NTSC system (30 frames, or 60 fields, per second), PAL and SECAM (both use 25 frames, or 50 fields, per second). In motion picture film, the sound speed is 24 frames per second in the US, 25 in Europe.

Freeze frame
A common effect, also known as a still frame or a hold frame. The continual display of the same video or film image. A frame store is a digital device that is capable of freezing or storing a single video field or frame.

FTP
File Transfer Protocol. A standard that allows users to transfer files from one computer to another using a modem and telephone lines.

Full rights
All rights associated with the duplication, distribution, broadcast, exhibition, licensing and release of a film or videotape including theatrical, non-theatrical, cable, broadcast and pay television, educational and corporate (in-house).

Generation
The number of times a film or analog video element is copied or dubbed. First generation refers to the original material, usually in its unedited form. The edited sequence made from this original material is considered to be second generation. All subsequent copies or duplicates are one generation removed from the material from which they were copied. In film, an interpositive is one generation away from the original negative.

Graphics
Visual artwork such as letters, logos or any other graphic design displayed alone or in conjunction with other graphics, live action or animated backgrounds.

Grayscale image
An image consisting of up to 256 levels or gray, with 8 bits of color data per pixel.

Halftone
The reproduction of a continuous-tone image, made by using a screen that breaks the image into various size dots.

Highlight
The lightest part of an image, represented in a halftone by the smallest dots, or the absence of dots.

HTML
Hypertext Markup Language. A language used to create web pages and other documents that can contain text, graphics and connections called hyperlinks.

HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The set of standards that allows computer users to access the Internet or the World Wide Web. HTTP:// is the command that tells the browser that the document found at this address is HTTP-compatible, and to display it in HTTP format.

Hue
The main attribute of a color that distinguishes it from other colors.

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ICC
International Color Consortium. Responsible for standard profiles, or device characterizations, that contain information about the color reproduction capabilities of devices such as scanners, digital cameras, monitors and printers.

Image
Unique representation of a person or thing.

Image resolution
The amount of data stored in an image file, measured in pixels per inch (ppi).

Image size
The size the image will appear in relation to your layout page. This is not necessarily the size of your final piece. For example, if you are creating a full page newspaper ad and this image takes up ¼ of that ad, then you would choose ¼ page. If you are running a ½ page ad but your image takes up the whole ad, then you would choose full page.

In perpetuity
Without time limit.

Indemnification
Compensation for claims, losses, damages and liabilities that may be incurred as a result of licensing or re-use.

Industry
The primary industry of the product/service you (or your client) are selling, promoting or producing. For example, the industry for an advertisement promoting a university would be 'Education'. The industry for the cover of a magazine would be 'Publishing - Periodicals'. This field is necessary for us to provide rights control on some of our rights-managed images.

Industry exclusivity
"Industry exclusivity" guarantees the customer that LOOK will make commercially reasonable efforts to avoid relicensing the same image (or its similars) to any other customer in the same industry, in the same territory and during the same time frame, regardless of use. The main difference between industry exclusivity and spot exclusivity is the fact that industry exclusivity covers all uses within the customer's industry, rather than just the specific licensed use.

Infrared
Non-visible radiation from the long wavelength portion of the spectrum.

Internegative (IN)
This is a duplicate negative made from the interpositive. It uses the same fine grain film stock as is used to make the interpositive, but since it is made from a positive image, this will result in a negative image. This can be intercut with a client's original camera negative. If a negative is requested, then the previous two steps must be followed.

Interpositive (IP)
This is a very fine grain film stock that is used to make a duplicate negative. It is also used in special effects, title super-impositions fades, dissolves, etc. It is never projected and is only an intermediate step for making something else. It can be used for video transfers.

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network. Allows computers to communicate at much higher speeds than an analog modem allows. It functions via existing phone lines using a digital telephone network.

ISP
Internet Service Provider. A company or organization that lets users connect to the internet by dialing into its computers using a modem. ISPs typically charge a fee and provide in return the dial-up telephone number, an email address and some technical assistance (usually via email), but no online content.

JPEG
Joint Photographic Experts Group. This group established a standard method for compressing and decompressing digitized photos or images. The high-resolution images provided by LOOK are compressed according to JPEG standards.

Key light
The main illumination on the scene.

Kill fee
Also called "cancellation fee." Payment for footage that has been supplied by a source but not actually aired or used as originally planned. Many stock footage libraries charge customers a minimum license fee whenever master or broadcast-quality material is released. This fee becomes a kill fee if plans change and the material is not used for its intended purpose.

Layered
Layered images are generally Adobe PhotoShop PSD image files with layers that have not been flattened. Due to the size of the files they're only available for purchase on CD - they're not available for purchase online. However, we do sell flattened versions of the images online for immediate download.

License
Legal term for granting of rights to use someone's property. Generally done under an agreement that sets out the rights of the parties without any change in ownership.

License fees
Fees charged by a holder of copyright and/or other rights for re-use of moving or still imagery.

Licensing
The reuse of material as permitted by a holder of copyright and/or other rights to the material.

Long shot
A wide, long distance shot generally used to establish the scene and give the audience a reference point for subsequent shots.

Low contrast print
A print stock used especially for transfer to videotape.

LPI
Lines Per Inch. A measure of resolution, usually screen frequency in halftones.

Luminance
Lightness. To compute it, add the highest of the individual RGB values to the lowest of the individual RGB values, and divide by two; a component of a hue-saturation-lightness image.

Master
The original material before it has been edited. Generally, master videotapes and audiotapes are recorded in production to be used later in editing (the post-production process) to generate an edited master. Also, an original film-to-tape transfer master.

Matte
A black-and-white, high contrast image that suppresses or cuts a hole in the background picture to allow the picture the matte was made from to seamlessly fit in the hole.

Medium shot (MS)
A camera shot that shows an actor anywhere from approximately the waist up.

Moiré pattern
An undesirable pattern in color printing that results from incorrect screen angles of overprinting halftones. Moiré patterns can be minimized with the use of proper screen angles.

Monochrome
Describes the images reproduced on a black-and-white television system. The picture appears in black-and-white with gradations of gray.

Montage
A compilation of images, sometimes superimposed over visual special effects.

Moral rights
Moral rights are the rights to prevent a work (such as film footage) from being altered, edited, amended or used in a degrading context without permission of the author or artist.

MPEG
Moving Picture Experts Group. A standard for compressing moving pictures. MPEG-1 uses a data rate of 1.2 Mbps (megabits per second), the speed of CD-ROM. MPEG-2 supports much higher quality with a data rate (also called bit rate) of from 2 to 10 Mbps. MPEG-2 is the format most favored for video on demand and DVD.

Negative
A photographic image in which the values of light and shade of the original photographed subject are represented in inverse order. In a negative image, light objects (of the original subject) are represented by high densities and dull objects are represented by their complementary color, e.g. a red flower will look green. A negative usually refers to the camera original.

Non-exclusive rights
A term or condition in the licensing of stock imagery that specifies that the user does not have exclusive use of the photo or film and therefore there is no restriction on simultaneously licensing the same photo to another user. All TIB film sales are non-exclusive.

OCN
Original Camera Negative. See "Camera original."

One-time rights
The right to reproduce footage or imagery for a specified use, territory and term, once.

Original
Camera film stock that was exposed and processed to produce either a negative or reversal picture. Most camera original is negative.

Out, or outtake
A scene or take discarded during editing.

Out-of-territory license
Grant of rights by a LOOK sales office which includes any territory outside that office's authorized sales region.

Overexposure
A condition in which too much light reaches the film, producing a dense negative or washed out reversal.

PICT
A standard file format for exchanging graphics or image information.

Pixel
Short for "picture element," the basic unit from which a video or computer picture is made. Essentially a dot with a given color and brightness value. D1 images are 720 pixels wide by 486 high. NTSC images are 640 by 480 pixels.

Placement
Where an image will appear in a printed or electronic publication.

Post-production
The stage in a film or videotape production when, using the raw elements recorded during principle filming, the final product is assembled and honed. Post-production includes functions such as editing, creation of graphics and special optical effects, color correction, sound recording, sweetening, mixing and duplication.

POV
Point of View. The point of view as seen by the camera. A camera mounted on a car pointing toward the road is called a "car POV."

PPI
Pixels per inch, a measure of the resolution of a computer display or digital image.

Pre-production
The planning part of producing a film that includes the overall production schedule and everything that must be done prior to actual filming.

Print run or circulation
You need to specify the total number of copies that will be printed. If the image appears in a newspaper or magazine, this should be the circulation of one edition of the periodical multiplied by the number of editions it will appear in. When you want to license print advertising uses for placement in multiple publications, the question 'What is the Total circulation x insertions?' means you should add the product of each placement's circulation value by the number of insertions. For example, an ad that will appear three times in a publication with a circulation of 50,000 and four times in a publication with a circulation of 25,000 will have a 'Total circulation x insertions' value of 250,000 [(3 x 50,000) + (4 x 25,000) = 250,000].

Process color
The four color pigments (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black) used in color printing.

Promotion rights
Rights to use a photo or film in the promotion or advertising of the work.

Provider restrictions
Restrictions required by artists or third-party image providers. Provider restrictions can limit the availability of specific images for particular industries, territories, uses and/or time frames.

Public domain
Not subject to copyright, public domain works may be freely reproduced.

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Releases (buyout/model/property)
Written permission to publish, utilize or offer for sale a likeness of a person or some type of protected private property.

Renewal rights
The rights to renew an existing license for use of film or photography.

Resample
To change the resolution of an image. Resampling down discards pixel information in an image; resampling up adds pixel information through interpolation.

Resolution of print
The number of ppi in an image, or the number of dpi used by an output device.

Restriction
Limitation on rights available for licensing.

RGB
Red, green and blue, the additive primaries. RGB is the basic additive color model used for color video display, as on a computer monitor.

Right of privacy
The right to be left alone, free from unwarranted and unasked for intrusions into one's personal and private life.

Right of publicity
The right of a person to control the personal exploitation of his or her name, photograph or likeness.

Rights
The conditions and terms of reproduction that are granted when you license use of stock imagery.

Rights control
The process of checking all potential licenses, prior to sale, to ensure that they don't clash with any other existing licenses.

Rights exclusivity
Granting of any level of exclusive rights to a particular licensed product. See "Exclusivity options."

Rights-managed
Rights-managed products are licensed on a use-by-use basis. The fee for using the product is calculated from several factors including size, placement, duration of use and geographic distribution. At the time you order a rights-managed product, you will be asked to submit information that will specify the usage rights to be granted.

Rough cut
Preliminary stage in the editing process of a production. Shots and sequences are laid out in approximate relationship to script with detailed attention to individual cutting points.

Royalty-free
Royalty-free pricing is based solely on the size of the product you need, not the specific use. You don't have to pay any additional royalties on a use-by-use basis. Once you purchase a royalty-free product, you may use it multiple times for multiple projects without paying additional fees. (Pornographic, defamatory, libelous or otherwise unlawful use of any image is, of course, prohibited.) Royalty-free products are designated by an (RF) next to the identification number.

Search engine
A web-based program that allows users to search and retrieve specific information online. The search engine may search the full text of web documents or a list of keywords, or use librarians who review web documents and index them manually for retrieval.

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)
Used by most commerce servers on the World Wide Web, this high-level security protocol protects the confidentiality and security of data while it is being transmitted through the Internet. Based on RSA Data Security's public-key cryptography, SSL is an open protocol that has been submitted to several industry groups as the industry security standard. Denoted by the letters HTTPS in the URL.

Shade
A shade is a color that has been mixed with black.

Shadow
The darkest part of an image, represented in a halftone by the largest dots.

Sharpness
The degree of clarity in a photographic image.

Shot
A single scene between two cuts or two optical transitions.

Similars
Any images in the collection that have been identified by LOOK as being from the same photo shoot and that contain the same model or subject, in the same background or scenario, at the same time of day, telling the same story as each other. Also referred to as sister images.

Slow motion
Action on the screen slower than the action that was photographed.

Spot exclusivity
The most narrow form of rights exclusivity, "spot exclusivity" guarantees the customer that LOOK will make commercially reasonable efforts to avoid re-licensing the same image (or its similars) to any other customer for the same use, in the same industry, in the same territory and during the same time frame.

Start date
The date you will begin circulating a piece containing an image you are purchasing the rights to.

Storyboard
A series of images showing a visual representation of the clip.

Submission
Sending of pictures or film footage from an artist to the stock agency to be reviewed for acceptance.

Take
A scene or part of a scene recorded on film (and/or audiotape) from each start to each stop of a camera (and/or recorder). Each shot may be repeated in several takes, until a satisfactory result is achieved.

Term
The period of usage time.

Territory
Geographic region(s) in which licensed image reproductions may be distributed. Each territory consists of a single country, dependency or area of special sovereignty (generally referred to as "countries").

Thumbnails
Miniature images, resembling slides.

TIFF
Tagged Image File Format. A file format for exchanging bitmapped and grayscale images among applications.

Tint
A color that has been mixed with white.

Tone
A color that has been mixed with gray.

Total circulation x insertions
You need to specify the total number of copies that will be printed. If the image appears in a newspaper or magazine, this should be the circulation of one edition of the periodical multiplied by the number of editions it will appear in. When you want to license print advertising uses for placement in multiple publications, the question 'What is the Total circulation x insertions?' means you should add the product of each placement's circulation value by the number of insertions. For example, an ad that will appear three times in a publication with a circulation of 50,000 and four times in a publication with a circulation of 25,000 will have a 'Total circulation x insertions' value of 250,000 [(3 x 50,000) + (4 x 25,000) = 250,000].

Total exclusivity
"Total exclusivity" is the most comprehensive form of rights exclusivity offered by LOOK. Total exclusivity guarantees the customer that LOOK will make commercially reasonable efforts to avoid re-licensing the same image (or its similars) for any use, in any industry, in the same territory and during the same timeframe.

Total insertions
This is the total number of editions of a newspaper or magazine your piece will appear in. For example, if you are going to run an ad in the Sunday paper every week for a month, your license duration would be one month and your total insertions would be 4.

Unlimited use
A license that permits reproduction rights within the specified use, industry, territory and timeframe without any limitations on circulation, image size, placement, distribution or total insertions.

URL
Universal Resource Locator. The standardized addressing or naming system used for locating websites over the Internet. Also known as an Internet address or web address.

Usage fees
The cost of using the material. Also known as license fees.

Use
The general category of final application in which a licensed image may be reproduced.

Use exclusivity
"Use exclusivity" guarantees the customer that LOOK will make commercially reasonable efforts to avoid re-licensing the same image (or its similars) to any other customer for the same use, within the same territory, and during the same timeframe, regardless of industry.

Value-priced RF collections
High-quality images, competitively priced to complement budget-sensitive projects.

Vector
A vector graphic is a resolution-independent graphic that can be scaled to any size and printed on any output device, at any resolution, without losing detail. Generally these graphics are illustrations that have been created in a program such as Adobe Illustrator. LOOK supplies vector graphics in EPS file format.

Virtual CD
A collection of royalty-free images based on a theme that is offered for sale online for immediate download. Following a purchase, you can immediately access the contents of your virtual CD online from the 'my virtual CDs' section of your account. Most virtual CDs have corresponding physical CDs available for a non-refundable service fee.

Watermark
Logo or mark that is superimposed on an image or film clip.

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